We're Number Two! (Pioneer IV; 3-04-1959)

[galacticjourney]

In any nascent endeavor, it is human nature to trumpet even the most modest of achievements. Sure, Pioneer I, didn't make it to the moon, but it went pretty high and confirmed the Van Allen Belts. Sure, Vanguard I was the size of a grapefruit, but it taught us that the Earth is pear-shaped.

In that vein, sure, Pioneer IV, NASA's latest moon shot, may not have been entirely a success, but at least it will be the first (American) probe to sail beyond our planet's celestial companion and into solar orbit.

Launched yesterday on a Juno II, Pioneer IV is essentially an exact duplicate of the less-successful Pioneer III, with a little extra shielding around one of its charged particle detectors to better measure cosmic radiation. In the tradition of focusing on the positive, I will note that Pioneer IV's mission is not just to take snapshots of the moon, but to duplicate the mission profile of its predecessor so as to provide a comparative data set. This is the soul of science--the repeating and repeatability of experiments.



As far as the trip to the moon is concerned, there have only been a couple of minor hiccoughs: one of the three scaling factor taps on one of the counters got knocked out when Pioneer IV's engines shook it a bit too roughly. In English, a scaling factor allows scientists to convert the raw voltages, recorded when charged particles hit the spacecraft, into usable numbers. I don't think this critically damages the instrument. Pioneer IV's transmission also went on the fritz for about 30 seconds while the craft traversed Earth's outer radiation belt.

While we're on the topic of problems, it looks like the little spacecraft is going to pass wide of its target, missing the surface of the moon by some 37,000 miles. This is too far to activate the photoelectric sensors on the spacecraft, which would have been used to activate a camera--if the probe had been heavy enough include a camera! Not a huge loss.

What will really be exciting is to finally give the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's deep space tracking network a full run through its paces. We've never tried to monitor a spacecraft several hundred thousand miles from Earth before. On the other hand, if the Soviets can do it, I suspect we can, too.

So there you have it. We launched a probe that weighed sixty times less than Luna I and which missed its target my a distance ten times greater. And we did it two months after Luna I.

A success? You be the judge...

P.S. Following up on Discoverer I, the Air Force is claiming that they are still receiving sporadic signals from their spacecraft. They've also confirmed that their new rocket is a Thor-Hustler, whatever that is. The Swedish press is calling Discoverer I "The Whispering Satellite" since they can barely hear it, if at all.

I'm still unconvinced. Something's fishy. I just can't tell you exactly what.

See you on March 6 with a book review!





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Comments

[glymr]

I confess, I'm inclined to cut JPL and NASA some slack. We are, after all, attempting to do things which have never been done before, or which have been done only once or twice in the history of mankind. Expecting perfection seems unreasonable - how long did it take us to learn to build and refine sailing ships? By comparison, we are racing along in technological advances when it comes to space.

[galacticjourney]

Oh, no doubt. In fact, the flight of Pioneer IV is nearly perfect, all things considered. It's just so tiny compared to the Soviet probe, even the Air Force's Pioneers, that one can either view it as comical or doubly impressive that they fit so much equipment in such a small space.

It already looks as though Pioneer IV has paid for itself. Comparing preliminary data to that collected by Pioneer I, Pioneer III, and Mechta, which all recorded similar radiation levels, Pioneer IV has encountered substantially more radiation than its predecessors, at least in the outer belts.

As this latest launch comes on the heels of a big burst of solar activity, this suggests that the sun has a profound effect on Earth's upper magnetosphere.

We're rewriting the science books every day. That's exciting.

[laurose8]

I'd go for doubly impressive.

As a New Zealander, I don't know whether to hope Woomera's Black Knight makes it a seriously three horse race, or whether to fear it would simply make Auustralia even swankier.

If it was an Australasian venture, Australia would provide the hot air to get the rockets up, and New Zealand the wool bales for them to crash on. You'd almost think the Aussies were worried by our talent for flightless birds...

[galacticjourney]

I think this wins the award for March 1959's funniest comment!

And sounding rockets are completely germane to the conversation. 225 kilometers in altitude is nothing to sneeze at.